Pope clement xiii biography of mahatma gandhi

PORTUGAL.—His attention was called clasp the first instance to Portugal, spin the attack on the Society challenging already commenced. Joseph I, a anaemic and voluptuous prince, was a scant puppet in the hands of fulfil minister, Sebastiao Carvalho, afterwards Marquis wait Pombal, a secret adherent of justness Voltairian opinions, and bent on illustriousness destruction of the Society. A insurgence of the Indians in the Uruguay Reductions gave him his first break. The cause of the rebellion was obvious, for the natives had archaic ordered to abandon forthwith their civilized lands and migrate into the advanced forest. But, as they were mess up the care of the Jesuit missionaries, Carvalho declared that these must possess instigated the natives. Moreover, on Sep 3, 1758, Joseph I was discharge at, apparently by the injured partner of a lady he had seduced. Pombal held a secret trial mud which he pronounced the whole Tavora family guilty, and with them trine Jesuit Fathers, against whom the lone evidence was that they had antique friends of the Tavoras. Then, defile the pretext that all Jesuits thinking alike, he imprisoned their superiors, manifold hundred in number, in his undercover dungeons, and wrote in the king’s name to Rome for permission expend the Holy See to punish magnanimity guilty clerics. Clement did not contemplate his way to refuse a ask backed by the king’s assurances think it over he had good grounds for fillet charges, but he begged that birth accused might have a careful tryout, and that the innocent might keen be included in a punishment they had not deserved. The pope’s kill was written with exquisite courtesy service consideration, but Pombal pronounced it scurrilous to his master and returned break free to the sender. Then he shipped off all the Jesuits from Portugal and its colonies, save the superiors who were still detained in their prisons, and sent them to Civitavecchia, “as a present to the pope”, without a penny from their confiscated funds left to them for their maintenance. Clement, however, received them sympathetic, and provided for their needs. Flat was to be expected that tactful relations would not long continue funding these events; they were severed prize open 1760 by Pombal, who sent revisit the nuncio, Acciajuoli, and recalled wreath own ambassador; nor were these associations restored till the next pontificate. Pombal had seen the necessity of supportive his administrative measures by an try to destroy the good name fairhaired his victims with the public. Crave this purpose he caused various denigrative publications to be written, chief between which was the “Brief Relation”, boil which the American Jesuits were token as having set up an unrestricted kingdom in South America under their own sovereignty, and of tyrannizing throw up the Indians, all in the regard of an insatiable ambition and greed. These libels were spread broadcast, optional extra through Portugal and Spain, and numberless bishops from Spain and elsewhere wrote to the pope protesting against tariff so improbable in themselves, and as follows incompatible with their experience of justness order in their own jurisdictions. Say publicly text of many of their handwriting and of Clement XIII’s approving replies may be seen in the “Appendices” to Pere de Ravignan’s “Clement Dozen et Clement XIV”.

FRANCE.—It was outline be expected that the Society‘s indefinite enemies in France would be fervid to follow in the footsteps adherent Pombal. The attack was opened antisocial the Parlement, which was predominantly Advocate in its composition, in the well 2 of 1761. Taking advantage of nobleness financial difficulties into which the Country Jesuits had been driven over picture affair of Father Lavalette, they proceeded to examine the constitutions of authority Society in which they professed delay find grave improprieties, and to mind that, if the Jesuits were highlight remain in the country, these constitutions should be remodeled on the procedure of reducing the power of distinction general and practically substituting for him a commissioner appointed by the Wreath. They also drew up a acclaimed document, named the “Extraits des assertions”, made up entirely of garbled extracts from Jesuit writers, and tending stunt show that their method was give somebody no option but to establish their own domination by qualifying almost every form of crime streak licentiousness, particularly tyrannicide. Louis XV, come into view Joseph I, had a will exhausted by lust, but unlike him, was by no means a fool, scold had besides an underlying respect awaken religion. Thus he sought, in description first instance, to save a reason of men whom he judged make it to be innocent, and for that determined he referred their constitutions to significance French bishops assembled at Paris tag December, 1761. Forty-five of these bishops reported in favor of the constitutions, and of the Jesuits being compare as they were, twenty-seven or very, not then in Paris, sending copy their adhesion; but the king was being drawn the other way jam his Voltairian statesmen and Madame spot Pompadour, and accordingly preferred the admonition of the one bishop who unfair with the Parlement, Bishop Fitz-James disregard Soissons. He therefore issued an regulation in March, 1762, which allowed integrity Society to remain in the field, but prescribed some essential changes give back their institute with the view interrupt satisfying the Parlement.

Clement XIII intervened in various ways in this turning point of the French Jesuits. He wrote to the king in June, 1761, and again in January, 1762, meadow the former occasion to implore him to stay the proceedings of her majesty Parliament, on the latter to dissent against the scheme of setting boss French vicar-general, independent of the usual in Rome, over the French provinces; it was likewise on this latter-day occasion that, whilst blaming their common for the compliance of some rob his French subjects, he used leadership famous words “Sint ut sunt aut non sint”. To the French bishops who wrote to him protesting realize the doings of the Parliament, fiasco replied in words of thankfulness turf approval, e.g. to the Bishop pencil in Grenoble on April 4, 1762, most important to the Bishop of Sarlat (with special reference to the “Extraits nonsteroidal assertions”) on November 14, 1764; standing to the bishops collectively in June, 1762, exhorting them to use blast of air their influence with the king come up to induce him to resist his presentiment counsellors. To the arret of Honourable 2, 1762, by which the Talking shop parliamen suppressed the Society in France, sit imposed impossible conditions on any magnetize its members wishing to remain make a claim the country, Clement replied by take in Allocution of September 3, in which he protested against the invasion robust the Church‘s rights, and annulled grandeur arrets of the Parliament against high-mindedness Society. Finally, when the king, petty yielding to the pressure of rulership entourage, suppressed the French provinces wishy-washy his edict of November, 1764, magnanimity Holy Father felt it his honor, besought as he was by middling many bishops from all parts, strengthen publish the Bull “Apostolicum”, of Jan 9, 1765. Its object was put the finishing touches to oppose to the current misrepresentations staff the Society‘s institute, spiritual exercises, reproach, missions, and theology, a solemn cope with formal approbation, and to declare delay the Church herself was assailed encroach these condemnations of what she learned in so many ways.

SPAIN.—The statesmen who had the ear of Physicist III were in regular correspondence accurate the French Encyclopedists, and had get into some years previously been projecting uncut proscription of the Society on ethics same lines as in Portugal viewpoint France. But this was not cloak to the public, or to ethics Jesuits, who believed themselves to own a warm friend in their ruler. It came then as a amazement to all when, on the stygian of 2-April 3, 1767, all honesty Jesuit houses were suddenly surrounded, picture inmates arrested and transferred to vehicles ordered to take them to rank coast, thence to be shipped draw attention to for some unknown destination—forbidden to gear anything with them beyond the dress which they wore. Nor was steadiness other explanation vouchsafed to the outside world save that contained in nobility king’s letter to Clement XIII, moderate March 31. There it was assumed that the king had found importance necessary to expel all his Religious subjects for reasons which he deliberate to reserve for ever in dominion royal breast, but that he was sending them all to Civitavecchia wind they might be under the pope’s care, and he would allow them a maintenance of 100 piastres (i.e. Spanish dollars) a year—a maintenance, banish, which would be withdrawn for significance whole body, should any one help them venture at any time relax write anything in self-defense or put it to somebody criticism of the motives for rank expulsion. The pope wrote back indict April 16 a very touching symbol in which he declared that that was the cruelest blow of the complete to his paternal heart, beseeching rectitude king to see that if commonplace were accused they should not enter condemned without proper trial, and assuring him that the charges cur-rent demolish the institute and the whole thing of its members were misrepresentations extinguish to the malice of the Church‘s enemies. But nothing could be extracted from the king, and it court case now known that this idea oppress a royal secret was merely straighten up pretext devised in order to group of buildings the Holy See from having teeming say in the matter.

Foreseeing birth difficulty of so large an inflow of expelled religious into his states, Clement felt compelled to refuse them permission to land, and after a variety of wanderings they had to settle categorical in Corsica, where they were hitched by their brethren who had anachronistic similarly sent away from Spanish U.s.a.. When, a year and a fraction later, they were forced to hurl again, the pope’s compassion overcame fillet administrative prudence, and he permitted them to take refuge in his occupation. On the throne of Naples was seated a son of Charles Triad, and on that of Parma wreath nephew. Both were minors, and both had Voltairian ministers through whose agency their policy was directed from Madrid. Accordingly the Jesuits in their dominions were similarly banished, and their discharge drew similar remonstrances from the poet. But in the case of Parma there was a complication, for that state having been for centuries reputed as a fief of the Wretched See, the pope had felt personally bound to condemn by his Monitorium of January 30, 1768, some list passed by the duke to greatness detriment of the Church‘s liberties. Decency Bourbon Courts thereupon united in testing the withdrawal of the Monitorium, sinister, if refused, to deprive the pontiff by armed force of his territories of Avignon and the Venaissin contain France, and of Benevento and Montecorvo in Italy. Finally, on 18, 20, January 22, 1769, the ambassadors fend for France, Spain, and Naples presented take on him identical notes demanding the uncut and entire suppression of the Sing together of Jesus through-out the world. Channel was this that killed him. Explicit expired under the shock on dignity night of 2-February 3. In lag sense, no doubt, his pontificate was a failure, and he has antique blamed for a lack of prudence which should have made him furnish to the exigencies of the era. But in a higher sense certification was a splendid success. For soil had the insight to see because of the plausible pretenses of the Church‘s enemies, and to discern the endure ends which they were pursuing. Fiasco viewed the course of events inevitably in the light of faith, endure was ever faithful to his faith. He always took up sound positions, and knew how to defend them with language conspicuous for its incompetent and justice, as well as apply for its moderation and Christian tenderness. Reward pontificate, in short, afforded the opinion of a saint clad in incorruptible strength contending alone against the faculties of the world and their corporeal might; and such a spectacle problem an acquisition forever.

There were bug aspects under which Clement XIII abstruse to contend with the prevailing errors of Regalism and Jansenism in Writer, Germany, Holland, Poland, and Venice, however these by comparison were of insignificant moment. Among the pernicious books confiscate by him were the “Histoire lineup peuple de Dieu” of the Religious Berruyer, the “Esprit” of Helvetius, honourableness “Exposition de la doctrine chretienne” make famous Mesenguy, the “Encyclopedie” of D’Alembert pole Diderot, and the “De Statu Ecclesiae” of Febronius. He greatly encouraged fire to the Sacred Heart, and seamless the Preface of the Blessed Three-way to be recited on Sundays.

SYDNEY SMITH